Graining
Graining is a method of replicating specific wood grains by blending a mixture of cheaper woods. The process of graining can be used to form a variety of grains of varying quality to accommodate a range of uses. Two types of graining are commonly used. Coarse graining can add an increased rustic feel to a surface and fine graving can be used to provide a subtle effect.
Graining is achieved by applying layers of watercolours to a surface which are then sealed by an oil glaze. For best results when mixing water colours, use a beer solution and add depth by tinting with a pigment or Indian inks. The ratio of water can be altered to your needs to reduce or strengthen the colour of the grain.
Stencilling
Stencils can be implemented to bring variety to a room. Stencils can be applied to smooth walls without texture. When you have selected your design, take the stencil and position it in its desired location. It is worth noting that a spirit level may be recommended when implementing a large design as these can highlight possible level errors upon walls.
When you have positioned the stencil correctly, secure it to the wall using masking tape. Pour a small amount of paint onto a palate or board and apply the paint to your paint brush. Only a thin layer is required so remove any excess using a paper towel or cloth. Now fill in the stencil using circular motions or by tapping the brush, starting from the outside and moving towards the inside of the gaps. A sponge can be used instead of a brush to achieve a thicker effect if desired.
When the stencil has been filled, you may need to replace it to complete any overlapping areas. A steady hand is required as the effects can be noticeable if the lines do not match up, especially if the design comprises of various smaller parts.
After the layers of the design have been completed, the pattern should appear clear with defined edges. If to much paint has been used the pattern may appear uneven and excess paint may seep out, spoiling the pattern. If paint does seep out then wipe the stencil dry before continuing. Also, if you are using the same design throughout one room make sure to wipe the stencil after every few applications to remove any build up of excess paint.
If your design features more than one colour, it is recommended to use an individual brush for each colour as you will not need to clean brushes reducing the risk of mixing colours together or watering down the colour and altering the shade.
As well as traditional cardboard stencils, sponges can be used to obtain a similar effect. By using a biscuit cutter or a small blade you can cut a pattern into the surface of a synthetic, flat sponge. Take the sponge and dip it into some paint and practice applying the sponge to some scrap paper to find the right amount of pressure required to make the pattern. Too much pressure may make the pattern appear blotchy or even make the cut out areas overlap, destroying the pattern.